Does forest type and vegetation patchiness influence horizontal distribution of soil Collembola in two neighbouring forest sites?

The influence of forest type and heterogeneity of understory vegetation on the horizontal distribution of soil living Collembola was studied in two neighbouring mountain forest sites—a 180-year old beech forest and a 70-year old natural spruce forest. Four homogenous patches with different understory vegetation were chosen within each forest site and sampled 12 times between 1997 and 1998. A total of 56 collembolan species were identified, 51 in the beech forest and 48 in the spruce site. Twenty-three species were rare—they were recorded with low constancy and density. Although both forest sites differed in soil type, humus form and soil chemical parameters, the species composition of their collembolan communities was quite similar (77% shared species). Nevertheless, soil collembolan communities of both forest sites were clearly delimited on both qualitative (presence–absence) and quantitative (in density of individual species) levels as well as in terms of total collembolan density. Mean collembolan density reached 26 650–44 030 ind/m² in the beech patches compared to 44 470–68 050 ind/m² found in the spruce patches. Considerably higher densities of several species in one forest site may indicate more suitable habitat. In spite of similar species composition and minor differences in qualitative parameters among different vegetation patches within one forest site, there was clear variation in density of individual species, particularly between patches with and without herb vegetation. This could reflect different microclimatic conditions, additional litter supply from herbs or indirect interactions of Collembola with their roots.     

中国北方典型地区农用地膜污染现状调查及其防治对策

通过对我国北方典型地区的调查,初步探索了该地区土壤农膜残留量和残膜特征.研究表明,河北省典型地区温室大棚、蔬菜田和作物田的农膜土壤残留量平均分别为5.629、7.369和2.822 kg·hm-2,黑龙江省典型地区温室大棚、蔬菜田和作物田残留量平均分别为4.169、3.682和2.430 kg·hm-2,各采样点之间存在着较大差异,但普遍较高,均明显高于未使用农膜的对照土壤.两地区之间除作物田的土壤农膜残留量没有明显差异外,河北地区其他两类土壤中的农膜残留量水平明显高于黑龙江地区,这种差异与各地区在农事活动及农膜使用上的差异具有一定的相关性.上述两地区土壤中残留农膜尺寸基本一致,主要集中在10～15 cm之间.该文针对我国目前农膜使用情况及其污染现状,提出了相应的防治对策.     

Short-term survival and dispersal of translocated European wild rabbits. Improving the release protocol

Translocation of European wild rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus L. is one of the most frequent management tools to increase rabbit density in Spain, both as prey of several predators that are threatened with extinction and for sport hunting. Nevertheless the elevated short-term mortality by predation makes translocations unsuccessful and increases their biological cost. Information on the factors affecting the short-term survival and dispersal of translocated rabbits is required to improve release management and increase performance of translocated rabbits, and to avoid the use of non-selective lethal methods for predator control. In this study we tested electric fencing and night-shooting as alternative to traditional release protocols, and the effects of vegetation cover and warren fencing on short-term survival and dispersal of rabbits. Night shooting performed during the first nights after release increased significantly the survival of rabbits, by hindering the activity of carnivores in the release area. The use of an electric fence enclosure also increased the performance of rabbits, but was not efficient to constraint rabbit dispersal. Rabbits released in areas with low vegetation cover showed higher mortality and dispersal distances than rabbits released in high cover areas. Warren fencing decreased both the dispersal of rabbits and the adverse impact of predation in low cover areas, but had no effect in high cover areas. Selection of high cover areas or warren fencing in low cover areas seem to be the most advantageous release conditions to decrease the short-term predation impact, reducing the biological cost of rabbit translocations and the risks for endangered predators derived from the use of traditional predator control practices during translocations.     

Field compaction at different soil-water status: effects on pore size distribution and soil water characteristics of a Rhodic Ferralsol in Western Cuba

The level of compaction induced on cultivated fields through trafficking is strongly influenced by the prevailing soil-water status and, depending on the attendant soil degradation, vital soil hydraulic processes could be affected. Therefore, understanding the relationship between field soil-water status and the corresponding level of induced compaction for a given load is considered an imperative step toward a better control of the occurrence of traffic-induced field soil compaction. Pore size distribution, a fundamental and highly degradable soil property, was measured in a Rhodic Ferralsol, the most productive and extensively distributed soil in Western Cuba, to study the effects of three levels of soil compaction on soil water characteristic parameters. Soil bulk density and cone penetration index were used to measure compaction levels established by seven passes of a 10 Mg tractor at three soil-water statuses corresponding to the plastic (Fs), friable (Fc) and relatively dry soil (Ds) consistency states. Pore size distribution calculated from soil water characteristic curves was classified into three pore size categories on the basis of their hydraulic functioning: >50 μm (f_>50 μm), 50–0.5 μm (f_{50–0.5 μm}) and <0.5 μm (f_<0.5 μm). The greatest compaction levels were attained in the Fs and Fc soil water treatments, and a significant contribution to compaction was attributed to the existing soil water states under which the soil compaction was accomplished. Average cone index (CI) values in the range of 2.93–3.70 MPa reflected the accumulation of f_<0.5 μm pores, and incurred severe reductions in the volume of f_>50 μm pores in the Fs and Fc treatments, while an average CI value of 1.69 MPa indicated increments in the volume of f_{50–0.5 μm} in the Ds treatment. Despite the differential effects of soil compaction on the distribution of the different pore size categories, soil total porosity (f_Total) was not effective in reflecting treatment effects. Soil water desorption at the soil water potentials evaluated (0.0 to −15,000 cm H₂O) was adversely affected in the f_<0.5 μm dominated treatments; strong soil water retention was observed with the predominance of f_<0.5 μm, as was confirmed by the high water content at plant wilting point. Based on these findings, the use of field capacity water content as the upper limit of plant available soil water was therefore considered inappropriate for compacted soils.     

不同玉米基因型的磷效率和相对生物性状的差异及其回归模型研究

以32个不同玉米基因型为材料,在低磷和高磷两个供磷水平下,分析不同玉米基因型生物学性状和磷效率的基因型差异,根据相对生物学性状与磷效率,磷吸收效率和磷利用效率与磷效率进行多元线性回归分析,分别建立它们的最优回归方程,同时进行耐低磷基因型的筛选。结果表明,相对株高、相对地上部干重、相对地下部干重和相对叶龄基因型间变异范围分别为0.3090～0.9780、0.3140～0.947、0.3671～1.400和0.4550～0.790;磷效率、磷吸收效率和磷利用效率基因型间变异范围分别为0.1960～0.935、0.8794～4.235和0.6211～1.764。相对地下部干重对磷效率的回归系数显著,建立磷效率与相对地下部干重的最优回归模型为:Y=-0.087+0.702X3,(P0.05;R2=0.6549);磷吸收效率和磷利用效率对磷效率的偏回归系数均显著,建立磷效率与磷吸收效率和磷利用效率二者的最优回归模型为:Y=-0.379+0.274.X1+0.301.X2,(P0.05;R2=0.7390)。耐低磷基因型的筛选结果表明,待选材料中,磷效率和相对生物性状都优良的只有178和082两个基因型,其他大部分基因型的磷效率和相对生物性状都是中低类型。     

再生稻产量形成的生理生态特性与关键栽培技术的研究与展望

本文介绍了目前我国再生稻的发展现状,从发育遗传和生理生态角度综述了近年来再生稻产量形成的研究进展,提出采用人工收割高留桩栽培再生稻时,选择头季分蘖力相对较弱、再生季再生力强的重穗型杂交籼稻品种(组合)易获高产;而采用机械化收割低留桩栽培再生稻时,选择具强低位芽再生力的杂交籼稻品种或感光性弱的重穗型杂交粳稻品种(组合)、籼粳交水稻品种(组合)易获高产。头季成熟期至再生季齐穗期根系活力的强弱,直接影响再生季产量的高低,再生季稻高产的前提是健壮的头季根系和一定数量新生根系的有效结合,这有利于促进腋芽的萌发成苗、增加每平方米穗数,是再生稻高产增产的关键。在此基础上,提出适时早播、畦栽沟灌、二次烤田、重施促芽肥、适高留桩的人工收割高留桩再生稻栽培技术,并从品种选择、再生季施肥、留桩高度等方面探讨了机械化收割低留桩蓄留再生稻的关键栽培技术及生理生态机制。最后提出了我国再生稻发展亟待解决的几个问题,认为当前轻简化的机收低留桩再生稻是我国再生稻发展的方向,并对机收低留桩再生稻的进一步研究作了展望。     

陕西地区马陆的发生规律及防治技术

通过对陕西地区马陆的形态特征及生物学特性进行概述,分析其危害特点和发生规律,从农业防治、人工防治、化学防治三方面给出综合防治的措施和建议.     

余姚地区松幽天牛发生情况及其在枯死马尾松根部分布规律的初步研究

调查了松幽天牛(Asemum amurense)在余姚地区的发生情况及其幼虫在枯死松树根内的分布规律。结果表明,松幽天牛在余姚地区1年发生1代,以幼虫在松树根内越冬。4月中旬开始化蛹,5月中旬成虫开始羽化,6月上旬成虫开始产卵,7月下旬卵开始孵化。松幽天牛在余姚地区的平均危害率达42.9%,其发生与土壤理化性质密切相关。松幽天牛幼虫在主、侧根内的分布数量差异显著,主根内的幼虫数显著多于侧根内。还依据松幽天牛的生活学特性提出了松幽天牛的防治措施     

木瓜属植物新品种特异性、一致性和稳定性(DUS)测试指南的研制

遵循国际植物新品种保护联盟及我国的相关规定,分析木瓜属植物品种的性状变异规律及其稳定性和相关性(DUS),探讨标准品种和测试性状的选择。筛选31个测试性状和12个标准品种用于新品种DUS测试;其中,质量性状10个、数量性状6个、假质量性状15个,*号性状24个、非*号性状7个,每个性状的表达状态给以相应的代码。*号性状主要有株型、花色、花径、重瓣性、果实形状及果皮皱缩状况等。提出木瓜属植物新品种的特异性、一致性、稳定性判别标准。     

盐胁迫对刺槐混栽苗光合特性的影响

以刺槐、榆树、臭椿、绒毛白蜡、杨树为试材,利用不同浓度盐溶液模拟盐胁迫条件,研究了盐胁迫对刺槐混栽苗光合特性的影响。结果表明：低盐胁迫下刺槐混栽苗的Pn、Ci、Cond同步下降,且相关性较高;而随着胁迫的增强,三者又有所增高,在高盐胁迫下（200mmol/L）又开始下降,但盐胁迫对不同混栽苗光合作用的伤害作用不同。